Cosmeceuticals for Anti-Aging: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Regulatory Insights—A Comprehensive Review
randomized, double-blind, split-face
EVIDENCE COMPARISON
Gold StandardEarly or indirect evidence suggests retinol and tretinoin demonstrate equal wrinkle reduction performance for skin firmness in direct comparison studies.
Effect ratio
Favored
Studies
Comparison
Firmness
Kept public as exploratory because it includes estimated measurement.
Some study-specific context may affect how broadly this comparison generalizes.