Role of Antioxidants in Melasma: A Systematic Review
randomized, double-blind
EVIDENCE COMPARISON
SupportiveEarly or indirect evidence suggests lotus sprout extract and cysteamine show equal performance for reducing pigmentation and improving skin tone, based on indirect comparison.
Effect ratio
Favored
Studies
Comparison
Limits: Indirect comparison · Includes estimated measurement
This is an indirect comparison — the two ingredients were not tested head-to-head in the same trial. The ratio is derived from separate studies against a common comparator.
Kept public as exploratory because it indirect comparison; includes estimated measurement.
Some study-specific context may affect how broadly this comparison generalizes.